Further reading
- Admixture:
Admixture analyses – https://isogg.org/wiki/Admixture_analyses (ISOGG Wiki)
Can a DNA test reveal if you're an Indigenous Australian – http://theconversation.com/explainer-can-a-dna-test-reveal-if-youre-an-indigenous-australian-31767 (The Conversation article)
GEDmatch Admixture Guide – https://genealogical-musings.blogspot.com.au/2017/04/finally-gedmatch-admixture-guide.html (Genealogical Musings)
Why DNA tests for Indigenous heritage mean different things in Australia and the US – https://theconversation.com/why-dna-tests-for-indigenous-heritage-mean-different-things-in-australia-and-the-us-105367 ('The Conversation' article)
- AncestryDNA:
AncestryDNA with & without subscriptions – https://support.ancestry.com.au/s/article/AncestryDNA-and-Memberships
Grouping and Filtering AncestryDNA matches – https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/Grouping-and-Filtering-AncestryDNA-Matches?language=en_US#:~:text=At%20the%20top%20of%20your,you%20can%20change%20them%20anytime.
Making the Most of AncestryDNA Matches – https://support.ancestry.com/s/article/Making-the-Most-of-AncestryDNA-Matches?language=en_US
- Ancient DNA:
The Genetic history of Ice Age Europe – http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v534/n7606/full/nature17993.html ('Nature' magazine)
DNA confirms Aboriginal people have a long-lasting connection to country http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-09/dna-confirms-aboriginals-have-long-lasting-connection-to-country/8336284 (ABC Science News)
Father of all men – hhttps://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23240-the-father-of-all-men-is-340000-years-old/ (New Scientist article)
Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in Papuans – https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30218-1?fbclid=IwAR1ghKWqfgv4YefoMDAM-n0vRvPATb8VhtqNJEegVK-dncNucd-8JBcvxVol (scientific study of DNA of Indonesia-New Guinea region)
New Vistas on the Distant Past – http://www.ancestraljourneys.org (ancient peoples, DNA, migrations & history)
Unsubstantiated ancient DNA claims http://dienekes.blogspot.com.au/2011/08/igeneas-king-tut-claims.html (blog post)
- Autosomal DNA
Autosomal DNA – https://isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA (ISOGG Wiki)
Autosomal DNA at FamilyTreeDNA – https://www.familytreedna.com/learn/autosomal-genealogy-matching/
Autosomal DNA Testing 101 - what now? – http://dna-explained.com/2015/08/07/autosomal-dna-testing-101-what-now/ (Roberta Estes)
Autosomal DNA Triangulation (part 1) – http://cruwys.blogspot.co.uk/2016/01/autosomal-dna-triangulation-part-1.html (Debbie Kennett)
Autosomal DNA Triangulation (part 2) – http://cruwys.blogspot.co.uk/2016/01/autosomal-dna-triangulation-part-2.html
Double Match Triangulator (DMT): an autosomal DNA analysis tool for genealogists – https://devpost.com/software/double-match-triangulator-dmt
Expected percentages of a match – http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/2010/09/known-relative-studies-with-23andme.html (CeCe Moore)
(The) Folly of Using Small Segments as Proof in Genealogical Research – http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/2014/12/the-folly-of-using-small-segments-as.html (CeCe Moore)
Hapi-DNA – https://hapi-dna.org/ (Amy Williams etc of Cornell University)
How often do 2 relatives share DNA? – https://hapi-dna.org/2020/11/how-often-do-two-relatives-share-dna-2/
How often do 2 half relatives share DNA? – https://hapi-dna.org/2020/11/how-often-do-two-half-relatives-share-dna/
How Do (autosomal) DNA Segments Get Smaller? – http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2015/01/31/dna-segments-get-smaller/ (Blaine Bettinger)
How many genomic blocks do you share with a cousin – https://gcbias.org/2013/12/02/how-many-genomic-blocks-do-you-share-with-a-cousin/ (Graham Coop)
IBD or IBS or IBC? – http://blog.kittycooper.com/2014/10/when-is-a-dna-segment-match-a-real-match-ibd-or-ibs-or-ibc/ ('When is a DNA segment a real match?', by Kitty Munson Cooper)
(The) Limits of Predicting Relationships Using DNA – http://thednageek.com/the-limits-of-predicting-relationships-using-dna/ (Leah Larkin)
Segment measuring – http://segmentology.org/2015/05/13/measuring-segments/ (base pairs, cMs, SNPs, by Jim Bartlett)
The shared centiMorgan project – https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2020/03/27/version-4-0-march-2020-update-to-the-shared-cm-project/ (Blaine Bettinger)
Shared cM Project: Longest Shared Segment – http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Shared_cM_Project_2017.pdf (Version 3, range of longest segments & shared segments, by relationships, project by Blaine Bettinger)
(The) shared centiMorgan project tool – https://dnapainter.com/tools/sharedcmv4 (DNA Painter)
Triangulation for Autosomal DNA – http://dna-explained.com/2013/06/21/triangulation-for-autosomal-dna/ (Roberta Estes)
- Beginners
Are you experienced? – https://thednageek.com/are-you-experienced/ (DNA knowledge level self-assessment, by Leah Larkin)
Beginner's Guide to Genetic Genealogy – https://wheatonwood.com/introduction-to-genetic-genealogy-dead-people-can-talk-after-all/ (online guide on 'Wheaton Surname Resources')
Concepts of DNA (series of articles) – https://dna-explained.com/category/basics/ (Roberta Estes, including 'Parental Phasing', 'Managing Autosomal DNA Matches' and more)
DNA basics – http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/ (a teacher explains DNA basic science & use for genealogy)
DNA Testing and transfers – https://dna-explained.com/2019/04/09/dna-testing-and-transfers-whats-your-strategy/ (which companies to test & which to transfer)
DNA Testing for Genealogy: Getting Started (articles by CeCe Moore)
Part One (Y-DNA) – http://www.geni.com/blog/dna-testing-for-genealogy-getting-started-part-one-375984.html (father's fathers)
Part Two (mtDNA) – http://www.geni.com/blog/dna-testing-for-genealogy-getting-started-part-two-376163.html (mother's mothers)
Part Three (autosomal) – http://www.geni.com/blog/dna-testing-for-genealogy-getting-started-part-three-376261.html (finding cousins)
Part Four (admixture) – http://www.geni.com/blog/dna-testing-for-genealogy-getting-started-part-four-376433.html (admixture & ancestral origins)
Interpreting Genetic Genealogy results – http://www.happyones.com/genealogy/genetic-testing/Interpreting-Genetic-Genealogy-Results.pdf (eBook by Blaine Bettinger)
Introduction to Using DNA for Genealogy – http://www.genie1.com.au/dna (especially for Australians, by Louise Coakley)
Is the Answer in your Genes? – http://www.irishtype3dna.org/debbiekennett.php (Debbie Kennett)
Kerchner's DNA Testing & Genetic Genealogy Info & Resources – http://www.kerchner.com/dna-info.htm (background information, links & books)
- BRCA2 mutation (Tracking down) – https://blog.kittycooper.com/2021/08/brca2mutation/ (Kitty Cooper)
- Causes of surname or DNA switches – http://dnaandfamilytreeresearch.blogspot.com/2018/07/goodbye-npe-hello-sds-some-causes-of.html (NPEs & 'break of transmission' of surname or DNA, Maurice Gleeson)
- Chromosome mapping – http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Chromosome_mapping/en (from ISOGG)
Chromosome Mapping with siblings part 1 – https://dnasleuth.wordpress.com/2016/05/13/chromosome-mapping-with-siblings-part-1/ (Ann Raymont)
Chromosome Mapping with siblings part 2 – https://dnasleuth.wordpress.com/2016/06/01/chromosome-mapping-with-siblings-part-2/ (Ann Raymont)
Chromosome Maps Showing Centromeres, Excess IBD Regions and HLA Region – http://www.genealogyjunkie.net/blog/chromosome-maps-showing-centromeres-excess-ibd-regions-and-hla-region (Sue Griffith)
- Cyndi's List: DNA, Genetics & Family Health – http://www.cyndislist.com/dna/ (gateway site to many relevant websites)
- DNA chip technology – http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/dnachips.html (how DNA chips work)
- Double Helix History (Manchester University) – https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/double-helix-history/ (how DNA is being used around the world)
https://sites.manchester.ac.uk/double-helix-history/blog/ (blog)
https://anchor.fm/jerome-de-groot (online talks)
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwEiHkQmXmHwx77Pe2mVFZQ
- Endogamy
Endogamy and DNA segments – https://dna-explained.com/2019/05/09/concepts-endogamy-and-dna-segments/ (Roberta Estes, "endogamous populations intermarry for generations")
Pedigree Collapse project – https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfKmiRZYTbFpXy9Oyl29Dv5LxcEk70sP2KM9Dt7qlzSfgpU_w/viewform?fbzx=-7318663264566241518 (Blaine Bettinger, new project similar to Shared cM project)
- Epigenetics
How your life could change the cells of your grandkids – http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-04-21/what-does-epigenetics-mean-for-you-and-your-kids/8439548
Memories may be passed down through generations in our DNA – https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/12/memories-can-be-inherited-and-scientists-may-have-just-figured-out-how/ (The Mind Unleashed)
What is epigenetics? – http://epialliance.org.au/what-is-epi/
- Ethics
Ethicists and others weigh in – https://www.legalgenealogist.com/2018/07/29/ethicists-and-others-weigh-in/ (The Legal Genealogist, Judy Russell)
Informed consent (Testing others' DNA) – http://www.legalgenealogist.com/2018/05/06/when-you-ask/ (blog post by Judy Russell)
Legal implications of DNA tree matching – http://www.legalgenealogist.com/blog/2014/06/29/a-cautionary-note-on-dna-tree-matching/ (The Legal Genealogist, Judy Russell)
No (DNA) Bullying – http://dna-explained.com/2013/05/15/no-dna-bullying/ (Roberta Estes)
Risks and rewards of DNA testing – http://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-05/online-dna-kits-risks-rewards/9619132?pfmredir=sm ('The Conversation' article)
Should DNA kits come with warnings – https://theconversation.com/he-was-horrific-nearly-two-thirds-of-family-historians-are-distressed-by-what-they-find-should-dna-kits-come-with-warnings-207430 (Susan Moore)
- Facebook groups for those investigating DNA: (forums for asking questions & reading others' tips)
Adoption and DNA – https://www.facebook.com/adoptiondna/
Australian Genetic Genealogy – https://www.facebook.com/groups/687188371359253/
DNA Detectives – https://www.facebook.com/groups/DNADetectives/
DNA Detectives Down Under – https://www.facebook.com/groups/DNADetectivesDownUnder/
DNA for Genealogy UK – https://www.facebook.com/groups/1609877835941769/
DNA Newbie – https://www.facebook.com/groups/dnanewbie/
DNA Tools – https://www.facebook.com/groups/DNATools/
DNA.Land – https://www.facebook.com/knowyourgenome/
GEDmatch.com User Group – https://www.facebook.com/groups/gedmatchuser/
Genetic Genealogy Tips & Techniques – https://www.facebook.com/groups/geneticgenealogytipsandtechniques/
Genome Mate Pro – https://www.facebook.com/groups/GenomeMatePro/
Using DNA Testing in Genealogy & Family History Research Australia & NZ – https://www.facebook.com/groups/400009620157960/
- From DNA to Genetic Genealogy – http://stevemorse.org/genetealogy/dna.htm (Steve Morse: Everything you wanted to know but were afraid to ask)
- Full versus Half Sibling DNA Matches – http://blog.kittycooper.com/2016/04/full-versus-half-sibling-dna-matches/ (Kitty Cooper)
- Genealogical vs Genetic Family Trees – https://www.familytreemagazine.com/dna/genealogical-vs-genetic/
- Genes act differently in men and women – https://theconversation.com/not-just-about-sex-throughout-our-bodies-thousands-of-genes-act-differently-in-men-and-women-86613 (The Conversation article)
- Genetic distance, genetic families & mutation history trees – http://gleesondna.blogspot.co.uk/2015/08/genetic-distance-genetic-families.html (Maurice Gleeson)
- (The) genetic landscape of Scotland and the isles – https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/08/27/1904761116 (research report)
- Genetics and health – http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ (glossary of terms, info about specific genes, health effects, from US National Library of Medicine)
- Haplogroup comparisons between Family Tree DNA & 23andMe – http://dna-explained.com/2014/03/24/haplogroup-comparisons-between-family-tree-dna-and-23andme/ (Roberta Estes)
- i-motif (new form of DNA) found in our cells – https://www.scimex.org/newsfeed/found-a-new-form-of-dna-in-our-cells ('scimex' article)
- International Genome Sampe Resource (1000 Genomes) – http://www.internationalgenome.org (project to sequence many people's genomes, to find genetic variants)
- International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) – http://www.isogg.org
Wiki – http://www.isogg.org/wiki/ ('for the benefit & education of the genetic genealogy community')
Autosomal DNA statistics – http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_statistics
Autosomal DNA tools – https://isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_tools
Comparing different companies autosomal tests – http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA_testing_comparison_chart
Comparing different companies mtDNA tests – http://isogg.org/wiki/MtDNA_testing_comparison_chart
Comparing different companies Y-DNA SNP tests – http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Y-DNA_SNP_testing_chart
Comparing different companies Y-DNA STR tests – http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Y-DNA_STR_testing_chart
Genetics glossary – http://isogg.org/wiki/Genetics_Glossary (common genetic terms)
Identical by descent – https://isogg.org/wiki/Identical_by_descent
Most Recent Common Ancestor – http://www.isogg.org/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor
Mutation rates – https://isogg.org/wiki/Mutation_rates (ISOGG wiki)
X-chromosome testing – http://www.isogg.org/wiki/X_chromosome_testing
- Jewish DNA studies:
Abraham's Chromosomes? – http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/abraham-lineage/ ('In search of the historical Abraham')
Ashkenazi Jewish DNA – http://www.timesofisrael.com/ashkenazi-jews-descend-from-350-people-study-finds/ (2014 study)
Ashkenazic Shared DNA Survey – https://larasgenealogy.blogspot.com/2022/08/ashkenazic-shared-dna-survey-august.html (2022 study)
Autosomal DNA differences: Jewish vs Non-Jewish populations – http://www.surnamedna.com/?articles=differences-in-autosomal-dna-characteristics-between-jewish-and-non-jewish-populations (In 'Surname DNA Journal')
Cohanim / DNA Connection – http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48936742.html (Examines DNA of the Cohens, the priestly family of the Jewish people)
Discovery of the 'Cohen gene' – http://www.cohen-levi.org/jewish_genes_and_genealogy/the_dna_chain_of_tradition.htm
FTDNA's new phasing tool, Ashkenazi edition – https://larasgenealogy.blogspot.com.au/2016/07/ftdnas-new-phasing-tool-ashkenazi.html (Lara's Jewnealogy)
Mosaic of People: The Jewish Story and a Reassessment of the DNA Evidence – http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm (Detailed paper)
More on the Kohanim DNA Question – http://hubpages.com/technology/More-on-the-Kohanim-DNA-Question (Apparent conflict arises from 2009 research)
Why Autosomal DNA Test Results are Significantly Different for Ashkenazi Jews – https://www.academia.edu/7236789/Why_Autosomal_DNA_Test_Results_Are_Significantly_Different_for_Ashkenazi_Jews (summary of research)
- Junk is not Junk – https://www.jax.org/news-and-insights/2018/september/non-coding-dna-is-not-junk-after-all (non-coding DNA used to be dismissed as junk)
- Law enforcement:
A simplified guide to DNA evidence – http://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/dna/DNA.pdf
Autosomal DNA Profiling – https://www.securigene.com/dna-testing/autosomal-dna-profiling/
Civil Liberties vs The Greater Good – https://bit.ly/MG-DNACivilLiberties (Maurice Gleeson)
Forensic Genealogy – http://www.forensicgenealogy.info (Colleen Fitzpatrick: includes Most Recent Common Ancestor lookup tables)
GedMatch Opt-In for Law Enforcement Matching – https://dna-explained.com/2019/05/19/gedmatch-implements-required-opt-in-for-law-enforcement-matching/ (Roberta Estes)
STR analysis – https://www.nij.gov/journals/267/pages/extending-str.aspx
- Known Relative Studies with 23andME: Expected Percentages – http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/2010/09/known-relative-studies-with-23andme.html (CeCe Moore)
- Leeds Method – https://dnawithdana.com/dna-color-clustering-the-leeds-method-for-easily-visualizing-matches/ (Dana Leeds)
- Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Building Your Personal Mitochondrial Tree – https://dna-explained.com/2016/11/20/building-your-personal-mitochondrial-tree/ (Roberta Estes)
Cambridge Reference Sequence (revised) (rCRS) – http://www.phylotree.org/resources/rCRS_annotated.htm (standard values, mtDNA tests report differences from these)
Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins – http://haplogroup.org/encyclopedia-of-mtdna-origins/
Family Tree DNA's Mitochondrial Haplotree – https://dna-explained.com/2018/10/10/family-tree-dnas-mitochondrial-haplotree/ (Roberta Estes)
Mitochondrial DNA – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA (Wikipedia)
Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Rates and Common Ancestors – http://dna-explained.com/2014/12/05/mitochondrial-dna-mutation-rates-and-common-ancestors/ (Roberta Estes)
Mitochondrial variability – http://www.healthnewsdigest.com/news/Family_Health_210/Mitochondrial_DNA_s_Surprising_Variability_Could_Complicate_Forensic_and_Genealogical_Analyses.shtml (2010 article in HealthNewsDigest.com)
Mitomap – http://www.mitomap.org/MITOMAP (published & unpublished data about human mitochondria)
PhyloTree (Global human mtDNA phylogenetic tree) – http://www.phylotree.org/tree/index.htm (tree with mutations defining mtDNA haplogroups)
revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) – http://www.phylotree.org/resources/rCRS_annotated.htm (standard values, mtDNA tests report differences from these)
- Norfolk Island DNA
European and Polynesian admixture in the Norfolk Island population – https://www.nature.com/articles/hdy2009175 (Heredity)
'Mutiny on the Bounty': the genetic history of Norfolk Island reveals extreme gender-biased admixture – https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13323-015-0028-9 (Investigative Genetics, BioMed Central)
Norfolk Island Health Study – https://research.qut.edu.au/grc/research-programs/norfolk-island-health-study/ (QUT Health)
(An) X Chromosome Association Scan of the Norfolk Island Genetic Isolate – https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0037903 (PLOS)
- Not the parent expected / Misattributed parentage (NPEs)
Discovering Misattributed Paternity after DNA Testing and its Impact – https://www.ajqr.org/download/discovering-misattributed-paternity-after-dna-testing-and-its-impact-on-psychological-well-being-and-12611.pdf (psychological implications, scholarly article)
Discovery of unexpected paternity after DTC DNA testing and its Impact – https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/fare.12752 (scholarly article)
Discovering your presumed father is not your biological father – https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165178123000938 (psychiatric ramifications, scholarly article)
MPEs, Probabilities, and Why You Need DNA, Even if You Think You Don't – https://thednageek.com/mpes-probabilities-and-why-you-need-dna-even-if-you-think-you-dont/?fbclid=IwAR3-DDpM1f5WvjvNO09eP9nrxuKJoXyhNIlCp2mM91l28eq00EP72LFMzxo (The DNA Geek, Leah Larkin)
Non-paternity event – https://isogg.org/wiki/Non-paternity_event#Incidence_rates_of_NPEs (ISOGG Wiki)
- Should DNA kits come with warnings – https://theconversation.com/he-was-horrific-nearly-two-thirds-of-family-historians-are-distressed-by-what-they-find-should-dna-kits-come-with-warnings-207430 (Susan Moore)
- Phasing – http://dnamatches.blogspot.com.au/2012/11/autosomal-dna-testing-phasing.html (Steve Handy)
Phased family matches – http://www.legalgenealogist.com/2016/08/21/cool-tool-at-ftdna/ (Judy Russell)
Phasing and Determining IBD Versus IBS Matches – http://dna-explained.com/2015/01/02/how-phasing-works-and-determining-ibd-versus-ibs-matches/ (Roberta Estes)
- Proof Standards
Genealogical Proof Standard – https://www.genealogyexplained.com/basics/genealogical-proof-standard/ (how to prove your conclusions, by Marc McDermott)
Genetic Genealogy Standards – https://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Genetic-Genealogy-Standards.pdf (ethical code of practice)
- Science the Heck Out of Your DNA – http://thednageek.com/science-the-heck-out-of-your-dna-part-1/ (by the DNA Geek, Leah Larkin)
- Siblings: Do they have the same DNA? – https://www.genealogyexplained.com/dna-testing/do-siblings-have-same-dna/ (Amazon's GenealogyExplained.com)
- Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism (Wikipedia)
To SNP or not to SNP, that is the question – http://genealem-geneticgenealogy.blogspot.com.au/2016/07/to-snp-or-not-to-snp-that-is-question.html (SNP tests, Emily Aulicino)
- Steve Morse's articles about genetic genealogy – http://stevemorse.org/#genetic
- Visual Phasing (5 articles) – http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2016/11/21/visual-phasing-an-example-part-1-of-5/ (Blaine Bettinger)
- X-chromosome DNA
Who Tests the X Chromosome – https://dna-explained.com/2018/02/07/who-tests-the-x-chromosome/ (Roberta Estes)
X Chromosome & genealogy – http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/2008/12/21/unlocking-the-genealogical-secrets-of-the-x-chromosome/ (blog post & X-DNA charts by Blaine Bettinger)
X-DNA's helpful inheritance patterns – https://genie1.au/x-dnas-helpful-inheritance-patterns/ (Louise Coakley)
- Y-chromosome DNA
Big Y could be the best dna test ever – https://ultimatefamilyhistorians.blogspot.com.au/2017/12/the-big-y-could-be-best-dna-test-ever.html?_sm_au_=iWHT78MrZp57T45Q (blog post by Linda Thompson Jonas)
Big Y test (FTDNA) described – https://learnalittleeveryday.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/ydna-whole-chromomsome-testing-the-whats-and-whys-of-familytreednas-bigy-test/ (blog post by Philip Grass)
DNA 101 Y-Chromosome testing – http://blairdna.com/dna101.html (one person's family study using DNA, explaining the process)
Haplogroup Tree (Y-DNA) nomenclature – http://www.isogg.org/tree/index.html (includes SNP identifiers & naming patterns, from ISOGG)
Microsatellites (Simple Sequence Repeats or short tandem repeats STR) – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_tandem_repeat (Wikipedia)
Y-STR submissions for known relationships – https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdzS4zciF_DMSdoNlIBmHhZqmjfu18KySCSd2Rn6AWSB3UwIA/viewform (project by Blaine Bettinger, consider submitting information for Y-STR distance to those with KNOWN relationships)
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